Dividend policy of the firm is irrelevant to the rational investor Essay

Profit strategy of the firm is superfluous to the discerning speculator - Essay Example These elements lead to change in the offer costs and valuation of the organizations. The significance of profit strategy to a normal speculator has been examined in the resulting segments (Gross, 2007, p.14). Reasonable for profit installments The goal of ventures is focused on capital energy about the benefits or protections over the time of holding. In this way, there is an unequivocal explanation behind the organizations to deliver profits which really decreases the drawn out capital thankfulness because of fluid installments as profit. The profit installments are obvious explanations by the organizations to feature their capacities to deal with their advantages and execution to accomplish monetary benefits and development. The installment of profits by the organizations guarantees dominant part of the speculators of sound money related execution in future and manufactures certainty for interest in stocks (Xu and Wang, 1997, p.19). The organizations choose through their profit s trategy on the extent of profit payout and the rate to be saved for held income. The profit installment distributions are extremely fragile as the organization additionally needs to concentrate on expanding the monetary riches in future and lessen their reliance on influence. The intrigue and duty rates likewise assume a significant job in the profit strategy of the organizations. A decrease in the duty rates on long haul and transient capital increases would encourage the organizations to chop down their profit installments and contribute increasingly held winning for long haul capital additions (Funke, 2007, p.11). Observational hypotheses: Irrelevance of Dividend Policy The part of superfluity of profit strategy to a sane financial specialist can be clarified by thinking about the exact speculations of profit strategy. Leftover... The organizations give highest need to fund their necessities of speculation taking a gander at the objective development rates to be accomplished in the present moment just as since quite a while ago run. Simply in the wake of addressing the necessities of accounts, the organizations choose to disseminate the lingering benefits to the investors as profit installments. In this way the investors would not be worried of the profit strategy as capital increases for future from the ventures done by the organization lies at the center of expansion of their riches. The discerning speculators are likewise proficient that there is no profit strategy that could alluded to as an ideal profit strategy. The profit strategies are a result of the reserve necessity of the organizations for financing the speculation ventures. Therefore, the profits are proclaimed by the organizations which lead to reclamation of certainty among the investors. In this manner the investors are pulled in additional tow ards the interest in the organization stocks because of which the cost of the offer ascents and the valuation of the organizations are expanded.

Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Example

Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Example Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay Market Segment Targeted of Avons Essay If you don't mind make certain to check with your youngster to ensure that they have not been appointed any schoolwork for the night, on the grounds that there has been an issue getting schoolwork assignments that are not turned in finished or not in the slightest degree. Much obliged to you for your assistance, and on the off chance that you have any inquiries or concerns email me at and I will answer to you as quickly as time permits. S OCIAL S TODIES This week in Social Studies we will audit the Government of Africa. Sstudents will talk about Apartheid, the legitimate division of bigot, ban, nd Nelson Mandela. Sstudents are urged to take their CRCT Practice book home and read in any event 20 minutes every day. You can get in touch with me at [emailprotected] com on the off chance that you nave questlons or concerns. I nank you Tor your help We are proceeding with our Decimals Module. We are concentrating on changing from divisions to decimals, including, taking away, increasing and partitioning the decimals. I have put accommodating connections on my site to support you and the sstudents. My site address is oncoursesystems. com/school/site page. aspx? id=471158. Sstudents use oth the course book and the exercise manual in class so please ensure they have these ordinary. We are proceeding to take a shot at our Multiplication Skills. Perusing This week in Reading we will be going over the various parts that make up a story and what to search for when you are perusing verifiable, fiction, or educational content. We will utilize the articles that they are perusing on TeenBiz3000 to assist them with learning all the parts in a story or table 1. If you don't mind ensure that your kid is staying aware of their A. R. book so they can peruse each day and meet their A. R objective. (Which will be an evaluation toward the finish of the 9 weeks. )

The Business Case for Curiosity

The Business Case for Curiosity Humans are curious beings. It is in our very nature to ask questions no one has asked before and to look for the answers to those questions and the questions that haven’t been answered before.Sometimes that curiosity can result in marvelous achievements and scientific breakthroughs, which all leads to technological progress. Many innovations, business practices, and tools, used in various branches, are the results of people’s curiosity.In this article, we will analyze why curiosity is important in business, why should employees be curious about everything they do and why should employers instigate curiosity in their employees.WHAT IS CURIOSITY?Humans are naturally curious creatures. Our propensity to learn and thrive is one of the strongest human urges, which keeps us in the state of the infinite search for answers. If we look at it as a constantly working mechanism, we can say that curiosity is the engine that powers that mechanism.   We can look at it as an evolutionary tool, o ne of the most important crucial for our survival.One of the most joyful feelings is to discover something new and the unknown. Everyone who has experienced it would tell you the same. That moment when we learn something we haven’t known before, the moment when we band together all of the things that seemed to be separated, is the moment of a great delight and personal fulfillment.Vis-à-vis that feeling of joy and curiosity is a fear of the unknown, which can bring new, unpredictable consequences and dangers. This fear lies in all of us, but everyone experiences it in a different way. Some people are, let’s use a business language here, more or less risk averse.Some are sparked, even attracted to danger, while on the other hand, there are those who value safety above everything else and who hate the very same thought that they could be exposed to a danger, especially the one unfamiliar to them. Those people suffocate their own curiosity because they fear everything new and the unknown and the failure it can bring.They fear to make mistakes and, thus, they are killing their own curiosity and preventing their own advancement. For one thing is certain, there cannot be an advancement without making mistakes and learning from them.Apart from these internal factors, there is a lot of external influence which fetters our curiosity, such as routine jobs, boring daily routine and in some cases the school system, which, in some regimes can limit what children learn and that way create people who are susceptible to authority and repetitive jobs, whose curiosity is completely drowned in that “cycle of doom”.That is why, if we want to grow intellectually, spiritually, socially and morally, we always need to ask questions and look for answers, because when we suppress our natural curiosity, we can feel the emptiness inside of us, which we then try to fill with meaningless and corrupted things, which definitely cannot replace real feeling of joy that curiosity can c reate.CURIOSITY IN BUSINESS: YAY OR NAY?In the past, this topic was not considered so important. The main reason for that is globalization. Though globalization is not a new term since its roots date back to around 16th century, the effects of modern globalization started to show after World War 2. Businesses started to grow again, the global market opened and the world started to change.Nowadays business environment is fast-changing, information travel fast all around the world, so companies must be ready to adapt to any change if they want to survive. That is why innovation and new ideas are welcomed in any branch of business. When a problem occurs, it usually needs to be taken care of fast, while maintaining the standard of working quality.Finding the right solution could sometimes be tricky, so people have to be curious because when we are curious, we tend to think out of the box, which often leads to making the right decision and solving the problem in question.So it does not m atter if a job is routine, repetitive or creative. This applies to every type of job. Every industry, no matter how repetitive it is, needs curious people. That is why employers should instigate curiosity in their employees, not suppress it. It improves people, companies, and industries, which later leads to the advancement of the entire society.You may think this is not true because of the various jobs or job interviews you may have had, where employers just wanted you to follow their routine, do your job, no questions asked. And yes, there are a lot of people in the private sector thinking this way, including a lot of big firms. They are all afraid of consequences that can come with potential failures. Their reasons will be analyzed later in the text.Right now, we will give a simple answer to the question “Curiosity in business: Yay or Nay?”. And the answer is definitely “Yay”!WHY CHOOSE CURIOSITY?Italian-American behavioral scientist and the Tandon Family Professor at Har vard Business School, Francesca Gino did a research on this topic and listed several main positive outcomes of being curious in business. We will go through her research and analyze the results.Firstly, one of the main results was that curiosity about your job helps with decision making. When we are curious we are less likely to make mistakes when it comes to our decisions. Instead of being simple-minded about some things (i.e. women being suitable to lead, searching for confirmation about your opinion etc.), curious people tend to broaden their mind and open it for a wide range of new possible outcomes without any prejudice.Associate Professor of Organisational Behaviour at INSEAD, Spencer Harrison, did several research projects, trying to assess the impact of curiosity on the business result. In one research, an increased sale of goods was said to be a result of a 34% rise in employee’s creativity.In another research, he tested call centers, where they surveyed employees from 10 companies. The outcome was that the employees who were curious, who were asking all kinds of questions and shared information with colleagues, were ones who had the highest success when it comes to increased creativity with dealing with the customers’ problems.Professor Gino conducted another research, where she divided the group of 200 employees in 2 groups. The experiment lasted four weeks.Two days a week half of those employees were sent a message asking them what are they curious about on that particular day, asking them to rethink the way they do their work. Those people acted as an experimental group.The other group of people was also getting messages, but of a different kind. They were asked what their usual activities are on that particular day, so mostly, questions about their routine. That group acted as a control group.The results showed that the people from the experimental group got better results, because their curiosity was instigated, so they were more open-minded and thought of creative solutions for the problems their companies were facing with.As Professor Gino had said: “When we are curious, we view tough situations more creatively.”Another result that came out of the study was that people with boosted curiosity are more inclined to work with their colleagues instead of picking a fight with them. The reason is they try to put themselves in each other places and listen to each other suggestions. It also shows that the people whose curiosity has been induced work better as a team than teams whose ideas and thoughts are limited.This is why curiosity is one of the most important values employers are looking for when they hire new people. There is the full list of skills and values that you can check, and which can be really helpful.YOU WANT TO BE CURIOUS? I DONT THINK SO!We’ve discussed the positive side and outcomes curiosity in business can bring. We’ve seen that it can be a very positive factor.Then, you may ask, why it is not mor e widespread? Why most companies try to suffocate curiosity in their employees? You may think it is because their leaders do not understand how valuable curiosity can be.No, that is not the case. Despite what people who don’t like their bosses say, most of the leaders are not stupid. They know that boosting curiosity is a good thing if it is conducted properly.There are two main reasons which stop leaders from sparking curiosity in their employees.In this capitalistic world money is power. And to gain more money than competitors and claim the market, companies have to be efficient. Because of that, they set a goal and pursue it and by doing so they often harm exploration part of the job, by rejecting some ideas which could bring some benefit in the future.As an example, we can bring up Ford Industry. Almost everyone is aware of the significance Henry Ford installed in our lives by using the production line to reduce production costs of a new car. By 1921 Ford Industry covered more than a half of car market in the USA.However, a couple of years late, the United States’ economy was boosted, the hunger for new products has risen and the consumers wanted more diverse products. At the same time, Ford Industry was just working on improvements for their Model T car, while nothing new has been introduced.In another corner of the ring, there was General Motors. Their focus was not on making one same model. They decided to make a range of different car models and it wasn’t long before they took over the market from Ford. As we can see, Ford Industry lost because it didn’t focus on innovations. That is why innovating is so important in today’s fast-changing world.If you want to see the story about Henry Ford, I recommend you to check this short video. The other reason leaders do not instigate curiosity is a fear of failure. They often think if they instigated the curiosity, it would lead the company to the edge of the cliff in case of a failure. In those cases, they are concerned with the costs that could come out of those failures and, as we have already mentioned, efficiency is very important when it comes to maintaining a healthy company.They fear, that if employees were to trust their instincts, try out new things, apply some fresh ideas, it could lead to a budget catastrophe in case of failures because it would be more difficult to control all the workers who would pursue their own ideas. Decisions would be much harder to make, which could potentially slacken the execution of the business processes in the company.Another concern is that searching and exploring new options don’t always end up being useful and cost-efficient. But on the other hand, if successful, it can bring a lot of positive results to the company.The conclusion is that leaders are not stupid, they know how important curiosity is, but they need to balance between efficiency and investing in innovations, which is most of the times, not an easy job.WHAT CAN EMPLOYERS DO TO SPARK CURIOSITY?There are several ways employers can instigate curiosity in their employees.Look for curious individuals and hire them! The best way to instigate curiosity is to have curious people in your team. And the best way to do that is to hire curious individuals. The most known example of this strategy is Google. It is known for looking for curious people, sometimes they don’t even have to have the right education, as long as they meet Google’s requirements. They use various methods to go through this selection and make the right choices, from online tests to interview questions.Have you ever wonder why employers often ask you about your hobbies and interests? Yes, you guessed it right! That is another good strategy for finding curious individuals. Apart from that, they are very interested in the questions you, as an applicant, may have for them, regarding their company and the job itself.Be the role model!Most employees, especially the younger ones, need to have a person to look up to, someone who can be their role model. If you want to have curious employees, you, as an employer, have to be curious yourself. Show them they can pursue their ideas, think of new, innovative ways to do their jobs, while at the same time helping the company itself.One of the good ways of doing it is not just to impose your authority, but to listen to what your employees have to say. “A good king listens to its people.” Even in the medieval times, one of the most important qualities of a ruler was his ability to listen, observe and to consider other opinions. When you are wrong, accept it and let it be an example to the people that no one is perfect, that everyone can make mistakes and learn from them.Continuous learning as a priority!You know how in most of the jobs there is some quota to hit. Companies often prioritize fulfilling that quota, so there is a little time for anything else. Well, some think it should be different, that instead of prioritizing c ertain performance quota, leaders should prioritize learning and advancement of their employees, which would later benefit the entire company.This strategy suggests that employers should instigate people to learn new skills, motivate them to ask questions, thus improving their overall abilities.Employers can use different ways to motivate employees. If you want to know more, make sure to check Bob Nelson’s video where he talks about this topic. Cut the leash!In the last part, we talked about motivating employees to learn. Most of the time, they can’t do that alone. Specialized training and seminars are often way too expensive, so most of the employees cannot afford that. That’s why a good leader should from time to time offer to pay for the employee’s training. It can achieve two things.First, the employee in question would most likely see that gesture as a company’s responsibility for its employees, which could potentially raise his morale and he wouldn’t want to leave the company later. And second, the company itself would improve the skills of employees, which could lead to an increase in productivity and thus to higher profits.Even though this sounds perfect, sometimes it can backfire, when employees quit after the training and go to the competitors. But this is a risk that companies need to accept because potential benefits outgrow the risks most of the time.CONCLUSIONIn this article, we’ve analyzed the most important aspects when it comes to curiosity in business. We’ve seen that there are a lot of positive outcomes if employees are curious about their job. We’ve also seen that a lot of companies still refuse to instigate curiosity because they are scared of the costs of the failure.Sometimes being curious doesn’t bring appropriate results, but that doesn’t mean we should stop being curious. That is just another obstacle on the way of learning because without being curious we could lose our identity, become slaves of the system and be like robots.

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Juvenile Delinquency Is The Highest Rate Of Incarceration...

Introduction The United States has the highest rate of incarceration in the world, this country is known to have the greatest number of people go to jail yearly than any other state shown in records. Chicago, Illinois is known to be the city that never sleeps, the city that encompasses the highest rates of homicides, drug smuggling and highest incarceration rates among African American males. Delinquency is a social term in society often used to describe individuals who have been involved in criminal activity. This term refers to criminal behavior, which is variously defined by different legal systems. Juvenile Delinquency is prominent in inner city communities- vastly lower income poverty shook areas. Background Juvenile Delinquents are being incarcerated at earlier ages as time progresses. The term delinquent speaks of two or more youths, typically amongst the ages of ten and seventeen years old, who are involved in doings well-defined as illegal. The study of juvenile delinquents in inner city Chicago have been studied for many years and the rates continue to sky rocket as juveniles are being locked down by the justice system. Cases of violence amongst juveniles has been increasing rapidly in the past 20 years, juveniles are now linked to severer crimes, and it can be speculated that regardless of efforts of rehabilitation that the recidivism of juveniles relapsing is very great. Thus leading to physiological and mental problems that can be damaging to the youth asShow MoreRelatedThe High Incarceration Rate Of Juveniles1748 Words   |  7 PagesThe high incarceration rate of juveniles is a significant social problem that affects society as a whole as well as the youth’s individual welfare and developmental trajectory. Adolescents who are incarcerated in the juvenile justice system face a multitude of negative lifelong implications. The history of incarcerating youth in residential facilities such as juvenile halls, camps, ranches or group homes as a consequence for committing crimes has a deep-rooted history in the United States. â€Å"For moreRead MoreThe Criminal Justice System Is A Topic Where Everyone Disagrees With Everyone Else? Essay2092 Words   |  9 PagesEssay The criminal justice system is a topic where everyone disagrees with everyone else. There are people who are for harsher sentencing and there are others who are for lighter punishments, and the fact that it reproduces inequality affects every American both economically and socially. It can be argued that all judges and juries are biased in some ways or not at all and this has to do with the races, skin color, gender, and sometimes the ages of the criminals who are put on trial. 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However, the criminal justice system has divided juvenile delinquency into two general types of categoriesRead MoreCrime : A S ocial Problem1205 Words   |  5 Pagesperson, and include acts such as Murder, Rape, or Assault, Crimes against Property are offenses such as theft, burglary. and arson (Macionis. 2015). Under the umbrella of crime falls a range of different types such as Corporate, Organized, Juvenile Delinquency, Hate Crimes, etc. Precisely measuring Crime, particularly in the United States, has proved a challenging task. There are of course inaccuracies within known crime statistics presented in different research. 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REIMAN American University or the same criminal behavior, the poor are more likely to be arrested; if arrested, they are more likely to be charged; if charged, more likely to be convicted; if convicted, more likely to be sentenced to prison; and if sentenced, more likely to be given longer prison terms than members of the middle and upper classes.1 In other words, the image of the criminal population one sees in our nation’s jails and prisonsRead More Juvenile Crimes Essay1973 Words   |  8 Pages A juvenile is defined as not yet adult; young, childish, immature. In the United States, definitions and age limits of juveniles vary. The 16-20 year old age group has one of the highest incidences of serious crime (ojjdp.org). In 1994, juveniles accounted for 19% of all violent crime arrests in The United States. 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Corporate Reputation Free Essays

Success of TIC was linked to the innovative business models to deliver shared value for both societies and shareholders, by leveraging synergies cross businesses to create new differentiated products and superior value propositions. This was also the period when TIC thought of working towards building an ecosystem rather than trying to protecting it. In true sense, It differentiated itself from the rest of world in such a manner that the competitors were left behind by at least two generations. We will write a custom essay sample on Corporate Reputation or any similar topic only for you Order Now Sole purpose tot TIC was to serve as a market anchor to the entire value chains. As Shari Y. C. Devonshire, present chairman of TIC Ltd said, â€Å"A country’s brands are a reflection of its competitive strengths and a manifestation of its innovation and intellectual capacity. I strongly believe that a country’s economic capacity is significantly enriched when its institutions build and own internationally competitive brands. Winning brands serve as market anchors to support the competitiveness of the entire value chains of which they are a part Strong domestic brands create much larger value since they create, capture and retain value within the country. Your Company (TIC) takes justifiable pride in creating world-class Indian brands that have demonstrated Immense vitality in the global Indian market place. † Several initiatives which were way different from the conventional marketing mantra ere introduced by TIC and it created a value chain that connected a wide range of stakeholders from the villagers, peasants to the end users. E- Copula, social and ‘Offs initiatives. These laid platforms that connected the rural India to the rest of the world; creating a two way transaction flow. Also it focused on delivering triple bottom line. Flipping through the past: As mentioned, TIC has faced many ups and downs since its inception and the experience it carried forward throughout its Journey helped the organization work on many initiatives which were way unconventional. It pioneered the idea of â€Å"cataloging and channeling investments towards upgrading of human capital expansion and modernization of infrastructure and productivity enhancement in the agric-sector. † The rationale of the idea was to create a shared value in terms of â€Å"a commitment beyond the market†. For Ashes Mamba’s, vice president and head of Social investment, business could and should never overlook the twin problems of India, â€Å"economic inequity and depleting natural resources†. TIC being traditionally a agriculture based company, couldn’t ignore both these factors invested everything engendering these two factors in mind. Creating a societal as well as shareholder value: The key to achieve and sustain economic growth of modern India, as identified by TIC, was simply â€Å"by enhancing the competitiveness of the Indian farmer and effectively linking them to remunerative opportunities in the world market. Since agriculture was the primary meaner of livelihood of more than 58. 4% population of India and with agriculture being the base of It’s business, TIC worked for the betterment of the farmers thereby making its base strong for the future endeavor. E-Copula was a challenging business concept that was meant to embed the social goals of empow ering the farmers and trigger a cycle of higher productivity, enlarged capacity for future investments. E-Copula was digitization of the agricultural sector thereby enhancing the competitiveness of the agric value chain. Real time information and customized knowledge provided e-Copula enhanced farmers’ ability to make decisions and align their farm outputs with market and consumer demand. This was meant to build a system of trust with the farmers â€Å"as a reliable supplier of goods and reveries on the one hand and as a buyer of high quality, cost effective farm output on the other hand. This finally resulted the company to become one of the largest exporters of agricultural products. 4-pronged strategy to tackle Climate Change: By the end of 2009, TIC unveiled its 4-pronged strategy to meet challenges of climate change. It was voluntary and transparent disclosure of the Company’s sustainability initiatives and its contribution to building economic, environmental and social capital to secure the long term interests of its stakeholders. Recognizing the challenges of limited change and global warming and its impact on competitiveness, TIC has adopted decisive strategies to progress its own efforts to support national and international endeavors in mitigating the effects of climate change. TIC is ‘carbon positive’ for 4 consecutive years, currently sequestering twice the amount of carbon status, creating rainwater harvesting potential that is more than twice that consumed by the Company. Irrigating water stressed areas is a critical need following the impact of climate change on Indian’s farming sector. It’s sustainable agricultural raciest also help farmers adapt to the vagaries of climate change. [www. Doctoral. Com] Integration, synergy and growth: The goal of inclusive and sustainable growth: â€Å"The goal of inclusive and sustainable growth – the philosophy underlying the Triple Bottom Line approach – is based on the realization that economic growth cannot be engendered without embracing the vast multitudes living in poverty and addressing the alarming depletion of finite natural resources. Over 75% of those below the poverty line reside in rural India, where agriculture continues to be the predominant resource of livelihood. The declining share of agriculture in GAP has led to the present situation where nearly 60% of Indian’s population shares barely 22% of output. In terms of the foundational view of Dry. Mammary Seen, poverty manifests itself not only as material impoverishment but also in the lack of capacity for the poor to emerge from such a condition. Such fundamental deprivations of freedom suffered by individuals affect their economic performance as well as their ability to seize opportunities offered by functioning and expanding markets. Inclusive and sustainable growth is therefore crucially dependent on creating the capacity to consume among the rural poor. † Riding in the belief of inclusive growth, TIC committed itself to India and beyond the market. With the initiatives like â€Å"farm to food product value chain†, † tree to textbook value chain†, â€Å"aggregate value chain† â€Å"women’s empowerment†, TIC not only proved its commitment beyond business motive but also established itself as an organization which put nation before company. The problem: The problem in front of TIC is two-fold: 1. With its strong value chain linking the rural ND urban economies, especially the fact that rural marketing is the core competence of TIC, should the conglomerate invest in livestock development program so that it can enter into the dairy business? . If the answer of the previous question is yes, then how should the company go about it? Should it consider a pure business model or like several other C.V. initiatives, it should work on a model of shared value connecting the villagers in the value chain? Options: 1 . Simply working on a business model by adhering to the law of the land and paying due ta xes without exploiting or exploring the natural resources. . Not restricting to only business but working for the societal good by investing on philanthropic work. . Going beyond CAR to help out the Nags, self help service providers of the villages to develop and work for the community betterment. 4. Create a sustainable value chain as its other initiatives by leveraging the innovative capacity of the organization and economic development. Recommendation: With the objective of bringing about a significant increase in yield rates during the lactation period, TIC stepped up its breed improvement program initiated in 2004-05. From 32 Cattle Development Centers (CDC) at the close of 2004- 05, the number increased to 72 CDC covering 1 ,500 villages during 2005-06. A total of 27,392 Artificial Insemination (Ass) were conducted during the period, taking the cumulative total to 46,200. The program recorded 3,531 live births during 2005-06, taking the cumulative total to 5,544 high- yielding crossbreeds. The most significant breakthrough in Mugger, Briar, was that the tie-up with Sudan Dairy (COMBED) for supply of milk from this region finally became a reality. TIC portal] Since, TIC already has a huge experience in the rural arrest developing program and a strong commitment towards the society, it can defiantly work on the dairy business by enabling families to upgrade to high-yield livestock and form co-operatives to market their milk. In this process TIC can turn a dormant family resource into an easily adoptable and dynamic rural enterprise. TIC can train and equip technicians to provide an integrated packa ge consisting of artificial insemination, cattle health and nutrition, pregnancy and post-natal services right at the farmer’s doorstep. This development can also act as a bridge to link its DOD business by providing self sufficiency and thereby, in long term enabling a greater value creation. Examples from other industry: As an example of value chain system of an organization to strengthen its base, we would like to discuss about GAMMA and its most trusted brand, Maul. Of course, there is a difference between Maul and TIC about the kind of organization they are, but in terms of C.V., Maul can provide a good example. CAR-sensitive Business Philosophy: The first step towards discharging the CAR is the business philosophy of the GAMMA. It is twofold: one, to serve the interests of milk producers and second, to provide laity products to consumers as value for money. Evolution of an organizational system has ensured that the corporate social responsibility towards the primary milk producers, village and the ecological balance is fulfilled. The milk producers are paid for their milk in accordance with market forces and realization of value for their produce. Invariably the price paid to the member-producers in Gujarat is higher by 15 per cent than the national average. [1] CAR-orientation To Distributors ; Retailers: The GAMMA has identified the distributors and retailers are its important link in its o not get any opportunity of exposure to latest management practices. The GAMMA realized that it was a corporate social responsibility to strengthen the core business processes of its distributors so as to keep them in mainstream business and compete with those with formal training in management. The GAMMA has developed and trained all its distributors through Value-Mission-strategy Workshops, competence building, Maul Hyatt, Maul Quality Circle meetings, computerizing, and electronic commerce activities. Competency Building Module of the GAMMA is meant to infuse repressions selling skills by making the distributors and their salesmen aware of latest sales management tools and techniques; enhance their knowledge of products; positioning and segmentation strategies for various products. Through one to one talk with the farmers, the distributors and salesmen realize MAUL is a large business of small farmers and by selling MAUL products; they are discharging a social responsibility towards a large number of poor farmers whose livelihood depends upon their skill and integrity. [1] 1 . Http://www. Painlessness’s. Com/news/corporate-social-responsibility-the-maul- yam 12172/4 How to cite Corporate Reputation, Papers

Backwoods Mail Order Company free essay sample

Likewise, Banks wants representatives to become more helpful in answering questions and complaints, as well as to be more polite and professional (p. 578). In developing a training program, it is necessary to determine what the main objectives of such a program would be. First, I would recommend that upon completion of a training program, representatives would be capable of keying orders at very high accuracy rate, perhaps as much as 98% or 99%. This is an important objective, because problems in size, features, and color selection account for 78 percent of merchandise returns. Of these errors, 54 percent were the result of data entry mistakes. Secondly, upon completion of a training program, representatives should be able to display a positive attitude and utmost professionalism when dealing with customers, unless customer exhibits inappropriate or abusive behavior. Improving the overall attitude of customer service representatives may have a direct effect upon the customers view of Backwoods, and would aid in the completion of the third objective. The third and final objective is to understand sizing and features of all Backwoods products, as well as differences in sizing among products. Also, representatives should be able to relay these guidelines to a customer in an understandable fashion. This would prevent confusion and ordering mistakes on the part of the customer, and would lead to fewer returns in the future. There are a number of training techniques and mediums that can be used to convey information to employees. First, e-learning would be an excellent means of training employees on the mechanical aspects of providing high-quality customer service. For example, the first objective above states that representatives should be trained to key orders into the computer system accurately. Trainees could learn how to do this via a computer typing program, in a self-directed learning environment. There are a number of interactive typing software programs which could teach employees to key accurately and efficiently, while allowing them to learn at their own pace. Such a program would involve drill and practice, while providing feedback on mistakes and problem areas. Likewise, the employees error rate could be monitored and evaluated. Another training technique that would be useful to Backwoods is that of role-playing. Role-playing is an experiential method, by which trainees practice skills and are actively engaged in the learning process. Role-playing would be effective for the second objective, which is the enhancement of the employees positive attitude when dealing with customers. Through this technique, trainees would be given the opportunity to act out different situations in which customers may present difficult or problematic scenarios. In addition, trainees would learn to deal with interpersonal problems, such as those that arise when a customer is dissatisfied or rude. Lastly, Backwoods should consider using informational training methods, such as lectures or audio-visual media. While this technique would not be beneficial for enhancing interpersonal skills, it certainly would be useful for teaching the nuts and bolts of the customer service position. The most basic information would be easily conveyed this way, such as sizing information, product features, and the like. Training via this method could be carried out using CD-ROMS, videotapes, or slides. This would be very helpful as a foundation for the other types of training. Using the above training techniques, I believe training for this position should take place over the course of several weeks. Some sections of training would obviously be shorter in duration than others, such as the lectures and audio-visual training, because these provide the most basic information. However, the areas of greatest difficulty, such as data entry, or communication and interpersonal skills, would necessarily require lengthier training. Likewise, training such as role-playing may require a longer duration, because it is meant to address all types of real-life situations. I believe the best course of action would be to first provide basic information, such as product features and sizes, through lectures and audio-visuals. Afterwards, data entry training should be addressed, and finally, interpersonal and communication skills. This order seems most logical for program success. As with any training program, Backwoods would need to evaluate their methods to determine effectiveness. To do so, I would recommend a Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design. This evaluation type requires that individuals are randomly assigned to two groups: one which will undergo training, and the other which will not be exposed to the program (p. 218). Criteria would be collected for both groups prior to the training, as well as after. As a result, comparisons can be made regarding the changes in both groups. This allows us to determine if a change occurred, and if so, whether the change is the result of the training program (p. 218). As mentioned above, with the Pretest-Posttest Control Group Design, a number of criteria must be collected prior to training, as well as after training has taken place. For the purpose of evaluating Backwoods training program, I would recommend studying learning, behavior, and results. Learning is characterized by changes in knowledge, and determines the extent to which trainees comprehend the concepts taught. For the above training program, one could evaluate the knowledge of company products, product features, sizing guidelines, and the like. This could be carried out by written test, or any other suitable measure of evaluation. Behavior, on the other hand, can be seen in job performance, as well as interpersonal and communication skills. For example, after training, representatives ability to enter orders accurately may increase. This will be evidenced in the number of returns made as a result of employee keying error. Likewise, training may affect interpersonal skills by teaching employees to interact with customers under difficult of stressful situations. This could possibly be evaluated in terms of customer complaints regarding employee behavior. The last criterion for evaluating training is that of results. The purpose of collecting this data is to determine the effects of training upon the group or company (p. 213). Data can be gathered pre- and post-training regarding productivity, absenteeism, lawsuits, quality improvements, and the like (p. 213). This evaluation, unlike the others, takes into consideration the effects of training upon the entire workgroup, rather than a single individual.

The rules for World Schools debating Essay Example

The rules for World Schools debating Essay Just being able to argue well does not make you a good debater just as being able to kick a ball will not make you a good soccer player. There are various rules to debating, depending on what style of debating you are using. There can be British parliamentary debating, Oxford style debating, SACEE style, and most importantly World Schools Style debating.  The rules for World Schools debating were invented in Australia decades ago, as an answer to the boring styles of debating that school debaters had to take part in. At university level, debaters are allowed to interrupt each other and make all kinds of smart comments, as the focus is no longer on whether you are a good public speaker, but more on whether you could argue well, present your arguments clearly, and could make people believe what you were saying. No one cared what the Oxford definition of the topic was what mattered was whether it was clear what you were arguing about, and whether your argument was the most understandable and believable. World Schools debating was invented to capture that exact spirit of debating at school level. The older, stuffier, more formal styles went out the window, and World Schools began to spread, as it was the first debating style that promised to be really entertaining to be involved in, as well as to watch. Debating was starting to become a real form of entertainment. We will write a custom essay sample on The rules for World Schools debating specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The rules for World Schools debating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The rules for World Schools debating specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The rules for the World Schools style of debating are really quite easy, once you have got the hang of it and they change very little at all the different competitions. The only thing that is different is that you may be asked to speak for slightly longer or shorter in your debates. Everything else remains the same. The only thing about World Schools that is very different from what you might have seen before is something called Points of Information (or POIs for the real dorks). Points of information are a rule that lets you interrupt someone elses speech to challenge them on what they are saying and means that the whole debate becomes a lot more fun to be in. Once you finish your speech, you can still be involved in what is going on, and score for your team just by making sure that you challenge the other team on their arguments. But dont worry about points of information now. We will take a look at them later. In the meanwhile, World Schools style is very similar to normal deba ting with all its basic rules, with just a few little changes. The Basic Rules of World Schools Style  Teams  In World Schools, there are two teams just like most forms of debating you will have seen before. The one team is the PROPOSITION, and it is there job to agree with the topic, and argue for it. The other team is the OPPOSITION, and it will be their job to disagree with the proposition.  Each team will have three speakers in it, and they will each have a chance to speak once during the debate, to state their case, as well as being able to offer points of information to the other teams speakers when they are speaking. They can do that throughout the debate. Speeches  Once the third speakers from each side have finished speaking, one speaker from each team will have to give a short reply speech, which will let them summarise what has gone on in the debate, and close their teams arguments. The person who gets to do this cant be the third speaker from the team. This is because they will have just finished their speech, and so they wont have time to write another one and come up to speak again. That means that either the first speaker or the second speaker will have to do the reply speech. The speeches are all done in a specific order, which is very similar to any style of debating that you might have seen before. There is one little difference though. The reply speeches happen the other way round from how it normally works. The Opposition third speaker will finish tehir speech, and then the someone from that team will have to get up straight afterwards to give the reply speech. That means that the Opposition team gets to speak twice in a row. After the reply speech, it will be the Propositions chance to do their reply speech, and then the debate will end.

Beowulf vs Ulysses Essays

Beowulf vs Ulysses Essays Beowulf vs Ulysses Essay Beowulf vs Ulysses Essay Contrast: Ulysses and Beowulf When an individual envisions epic poetry, you cant help but think of dragons, heroes and huge battles. In the two epic poems Ulysses by Lord Tennyson and Beowulf translated by Burton Raffle, you find the two major heroes who are very intelligent above all other heroic attributes. Throughout each epic, you find the hero using the combination of strength, intelligence and unbreakable courage. The heroes are natural born leaders, that others around them cannot help but be mesmerisms by. A major connected between the two epics was the definition of dervish is evident. Through the Journeys of the main characters, Beowulf and Ulysses are each portrayed as heroes in the poems as they lead their men on great adventures. While both display many characteristics of heroes and leaders, Beowulf first act of leadership in the poem is when he offers to fight Greened unarmed. This is an example of leadership because he is standing up above everyone else, when all the other men are scared to. While all the other men are fearful and worried about Greened attacking, Beowulf is able to stay fearlessly as he awaited the arrival of Greened. From Ulysses poem it is evident he was a true leader, captaining ships and winning many battles in the Trojan War. Beowulf was also a very prideful individual, for example in his fight against Grenade. He was trying to seem heroic fighting without a weapon. You can also see this as an example of Beowulf enormous about of pride; he wants the glory from killing Grenade and that glory would be given if he killed him without a weapon. But Beowulf only longed for fame leaped back Lento battle. He tossed his sword aside, Angry; the steel-edged blade lay where Theyd dropped it. If weapons were useless hed use Shes hands, the strength in is fingers. So fame comes to the men who mean to win it and care about nothing else! (Line 605-608) In the quote it is so present that Beowulf only seeks fame, and glory of defeating Greened.

Dennett's Darwinian theory of human creativity Essay

Dennett's Darwinian theory of human creativity - Essay Example It is a mere efficiency-enhancer, a composer’s aid to assist him over the barriers of composition that is confronted by any creator. It is a modern extension of the ancient search vehicles. This is because it facilitated itself into an entire composer, combining quite a number of generate-and-test procedures as its competence grew (Dennett). According to Dennett, Deep Blue is used as example of an artificial chess player developed by IBM. Deep Blue beat Kasparov that dominated chess game for a very long period of time. This is because Deep Blue designs better chess games compared to any game designed by Garry Kasparov, the reigning World Chess Champion. Dennett uses these examples to indicate that no matter how Darwinian or anti-Darwinian may view their assertions and experiments to be true, they are not. Dennett also uses these examples to characterize a mutual suspicion between Darwinians and anti-Darwinians that deforms the empirical examination of creativity (Dennett). This was because Darwinians suspected their opponents of longing after a skyhook, an amazing gift of masterminds whose authority lacks putrefaction into mechanical operations, regardless of how complicated and informed by initial procedures of R and D. Anti-Darwinians on the other hand, suspected their opponents of desiring after an account of creative procedures that so reduces the Finder, Author, Creator, that it disappears, at best a mere provisional locus of mindless discrepancy application. When looking at Dennetts Darwinian Theory of human creativity, it is apparent that the above examples are related significantly with this theory. While Darwin’s theory states that â€Å"In order to make a perfect and beautiful machine, it is not requisite to know how to make it.† Dennetts Darwinian Theory of human creativity disputes this theory by stating that it is requisite to know how to make a machine in order to

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Essay

The value of society in The Misanthrope and The importance of being Earnest - Essay Example Through such ridicule, each play is able to entertain the upper classes, define some of the values of their society and illustrate where each begins to negate the benefits of such conventions. The characters in â€Å"The Misanthrope† appear almost more like caricatures than like real people. Each one of the minor characters remain fundamentally superficial, concerned more with the importance of manners than with the importance of honesty. The various marquises prove to be more silly than serious and the pompous Oronte has convinced himself that he is a paramount writer, demanding praises from his friends and acquaintances regardless of their true opinions of his verses and even going so far as to sue Alceste for not providing this. â€Å"Cà ©limà ¨ne is a manipulative coquette with a sarcastic tongue and a cold heart. Philinte seems a rather neutral character who †¦ is a piece of dramatic structure thrown in simply to be Alceste’s confidant. Éliante is even less defined† (Hubeart, 1996). However, Alceste, as the title implies, is completely opposite these individuals, going to the extremes to try to tear off the masks of hypocrisy, hidden u nder a veneer of manners that he sees about him everywhere he looks. The women are especially emblematic of the types of hypocrisy against which Alceste struggles. Arsinoe emerges as a frustrated old woman, jealous of the younger woman’s status and ability to flaunt custom, but is not herself brave enough to bypass the strict code of manners and accepted behavior to capture the one thing she wants, Alceste’s love. When she chastises Cà ©limà ¨ne for her shocking behavior and gossip, Cà ©limà ¨ne tells her â€Å"There’s a season for love and another for prudishness, and we may consciously choose the latter when the hey-day of our youth has passed—it may serve to conceal some of life’s disappointments† (Act III, scene iv). In this speech,

Usage Of Newspaper In English Teaching English Language Essay

Usage Of Newspaper In English Teaching English Language Essay Over the last three decades, major changes have taken place in the English language teaching methods, especially in second and foreign language learning scenario. This paper aims at analyzing the importance of usage of newspaper and magazines in the classroom and finding the ways on how to use print media. The classroom becomes a multidimensional environment. It is difficult for the teachers to manage this multidimensional environment. It is essential for them to make the students able to use the news paper and at the same time deal with other activities such as researching for information from books and magazines. The following issues are open for discussion: the importance of media in general and education in particular; media are persuasive and pervasive, example newspapers and magazines. The possibilities of interactive or student-centered approaches to teach writing skills in English through newspaper and I review basic procedures common in English Language Teaching to design ta sks for literary study will be discussed. Such tasks I suggest, newspapers can definitely supplement the traditional lectures. Keywords: Teaching English, use of print media, newspapers, language acquisition. 1. Newspapers in the classroom Newspapers are easy to be brought in the class in different subjects and courses, especially in geography, history, literature, language classes, etc. Some of them have valuable information for these subjects, but we should know how to find this information. Many libraries have systems of classification according to the topics and issues and we can easily find our way in searching this information. If not we would spend a lot of time to find something. It is often said that academic success starts at the library. There are different purposes and ways for using newspapers in language classroom. They may be used for the culture they transmit. The more widely students read, the greater their understanding of this cultural meaning will be. They may also be used for reflecting changes in the language as well, and in doing so, helping students and teachers keep up pace with such changes. Most newspapers are linguistically up-to-date and provide valuable linguistic data. They may be used fo r the wide variety of text types and language styles, not often found in textbooks. At the same time, newspapers provide a natural source of many of the varieties of Written English that become very important to students, and valuable for language study as the students progress. So, they may be used as supplementary material and examples in Text Analysis, Academic Writing, Stylistics, Semantics, etc. while analyzing different types of texts. The variety of subjects and topics makes newspapers interesting and motivating for the students to work with. Newspapers report real-life events, and this arouses students curiosity. Newspaper-based activities in the classroom may engage students in enjoyable activities and encourage their further reading. Newspapers are an invaluable source of authentic materials. The more students read, the more they want to explore. People learn through reading, and reading about interesting new things in ones interest subject, undoubtedly helps motivation. (Paul Sanderson, 2002) Newspapers are also a great source for ESP teachers. They can be used as teaching materials to develop students language skills. They can be used effectively with a wide range of levels from Elementary to Advanced, either interpreting them or using them as they are. Some newspapers are easy to read, easy to use. The committed teachers can design exercises to develop reading comprehension, critical thinking skills, writing skills, grammar skills, vocabulary, map/chart reading skills, geography skills, social study skills and more. Having a lot of newspapers and information the teachers should be careful with the way how to organize a certain activity using them. So, they are particularly suitable for mixed-ability classes, depending on the activity, questions, etc. In planning a lesson using a newspaper, the teacher should take into consideration the length of the article, paragraph, the complexity of the language, the density of information, the subject-matter and content, the time a vailable and the level of the students. Nowadays, we are living in a period of rapid technological changes in mass communications. Through Internet, we are now able to access thousands of newspapers and magazines worldwide. Internet has increasingly become a major source of newspapers and magazines for language teachers; just find the web site and click. But we should be very careful in choosing suitable newspaper materials to use with our students. It is helpful to bear in mind these questions: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Will my students find the materials interesting? If yes, they will raise students motivation. If no, the students will be frustrated. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are the materials appropriate for their level of knowledge? If they are too difficult to be understood, students will be discouraged. Otherwise their level of understanding would be O.K. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are the materials appropriate for the students in terms of language level? Choose more challenging materials, choose materials where the language level is suited to the level of students, and choose tasks that can be done by the students at a certain level. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Should I use only materials from todays newspapers? The answer is yes and no. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Lessons take time to prepare. The schedules of the teachers are periodically busy. Once we find an interesting material, we may use it over and over again, avoiding articles or news mentioning dates or topical events, data for well-known personalities, etc. Another very important issue about newspaper use is materials collection. It is an on-going process and worth doing it. Choosing and collecting short articles, weather forecast, advertisements, headlines, etc. is a hard task, but we may use them at a later time and more than once for different students. So, it is necessary to be very careful in organizing newspaper materials. Once we start collecting them we should begin thinking to organize them, put under certain categories, systematize them, etc. Everyone has experienced many times the frustration when he/she knows that he/she has that piece of information but does not remember where he/she has put it. It is good to categorize the materials under certain titles, headlines, advertisements, etc. or under topic titles, sport, cinema, relationship, according to language level of students, etc. Of great importance are the use of the photographs and illustrations. We should be careful to prepare these materials in good quality to use them again and again, and with every passing year we create folios and enrich them, then photocopy what we want for students use. We should not avoid using newspapers in the classroom only thinking that they are difficult for our students. It is true that the language there is difficult, but after all it is authentic. There are several ways of making newspaper materials usable for the various levels of students, by selecting interesting newspapers and the students will be interested in reading them and would skip some difficult expressions. A very important thing that enhances success in using newspapers in the classroom is the careful design of tasks. Grade the task not the material is a well-known maxim in langua ge teaching. In spite of the difficulty of the texts, the task should suit the level of students, this is more important than the difficulty of the text. The involvement of students in pre-activity, while-activity preparation techniques, in the selection of materials and in carefully designing the tasks are the key to success. Here are some pre-activity and while-activity preparation techniques that can be used in combination with one another: (Paul Sanderson, 2002) à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Give the students the materials before the lesson, ask them to look for vocabulary at home à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Explain any key vocabulary in the materials à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Summarize the newspaper item à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ask the students to brainstorm what they know about the newspaper item à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Tell the students the headline and show any accompanying photograph à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Before reading, write on the board and explain key vocabulary à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Ask the students to predict the story-line à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Allow your students to use a dictionary during the activity à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encourage your students to go for the overall meaning of a text, rather than to understand every word à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Encourage your students to bring to their reading their own world knowledge à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Try to help the students in understanding the grammatical complexity of the text, facilitate to assimilate the density of information, guess the low-frequency vocabulary, etc. The newspaper activities might be a lot, interesting and multidimensional. They might be about the headlines, headline combinations, articles, categorizing articles, news flash, putting it back together, exchanging the news, ranking articles, press conference, filling in the gaps, news in brief, photographs, predicting photographs, famous faces, photo stories, moving pictures, putting the picture in the story, advertisements, classifying adds, role-plays ads, job interviews, horoscopes, problem page letters, TV guides, cartoons and strip cartoons, acting out cartoons, strip cartoon stories, weather forecast, predicting the weather, matching weather forecasts, newspaper reading corner, find someone whoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ special interest groups, newspaper puzzles, crosswords, and many others. 2. Magazines in the Classroom There are different kinds of magazines. According to a questionnaire done with high school and university students most of them mentioned that they liked to read mostly political, scientific, fashion, cultural, entertaining and sport magazines. This interest of the university and high school students should be exploited by the teachers to up-date their teaching materials and break the monotony of the lesson by using always the textbooks. As with newspapers, magazines are resources for different subjects, cutting out pictures and passages associated with particular topics. Magazines are also sources in language development in providing pictures to stimulate verbal or written stories. For example, they may be used for introducing colors and clothes, means of transport, short stories, stimulating picture discussions and for other supplementary materials as well, which cover a topic that may be under discussion in a language class. As for the ways how to use magazines in the classroom we can refer to the ideas and clues given for the newspapers. Both newspapers and magazines have a lot of things in common.

Mango (Mangifera Indica) Leaves Extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment

Mango (Mangifera indica) leaves extract and Coconut Oil as an Antibacterial Ointment A Science Investigatory Project of Kristifany C. Mamba Bansud National High School-Regional Science High School for Region IV – MIMAROPA Pag-asa, Bansud, Oriental Mindoro Abstract The purpose of this study is to produce an antibacterial ointment out of Mango leaves extract and coconut oil. Young mango leaves were gathered and was chopped into small pieces. 50 mL of coconut oil was put in a frying pan. Then, the chopped mango leaves was added to the coconut oil. It was mixed for 10 minutes. Next, the small bits of mango leaves were removed from the coconut oil. Lastly, candle wax was added to the mixture. It was stirred again thoroughly. The solution was transferred into an empty container and left to cool down. The mango leaves extract with coconut oil was tested at the Bureau of Plant Industry. It was tested against the bacteria E. coli and S. aureus. The resulting Numerical value was 2. 5 for E. coli and 3. 0 for S. aureus. The bureau used the standard parameter 1-2- slightly inhibited and 3-5 as partially inhibited. Thus, the inhibition of the mango leaves extract and coconut oil in E. oli was slight and it is partial in S. aureus. The researcher concluded that mango leaves extract with coconut oil can kill bacteria like E. coli and S. aureus. It can also be concluded that it can help wounds heal faster because of its antibacterial property. Chapter I Introduction Background of the Study The Philippines have many different herbal plants that can cure different illne ss like body pain, toothache, arthritis, and other diseases. The herbal plants we have contain helpful constituents and properties that can cure different kinds of diseases. We can make useful product made from these plant and other materials. Nowadays, many herbal plants are being discovered with more uses. Many companies used herbal plants to make ointments, tablets, coffee or teas. Ointments are very useful in treating different kind of wounds. The production of ointments from herbal plants found in our country can help us minimize our dependence on the use of high – cost ointments. The herbal plant must have anti-inflammatory, anti-allergenic and antibacterial properties to produce an effective ointment. Most of the wounds are infected by the common bacteria like Escherichia coli. As the wounds go deeper and become more complex they can infect the underlying muscles and bone causing osteomyelitis. Coliforms and anaerobes are associated with osteomyelitis in those people who have infected wounds. You also see the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus in the infected wound. Local factors that increase chances of wound infection are having large wound area, increased wound depth, degree of chronicity, the body, necrotic tissue, and mechanism of injury (bites, perforated viscus). (Neal R. Chamberlain. n. . ) The mango leaves (Mangifera indica) and coconut oil possesses antibacterial activity against different bacteria. (Research Update of Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ). Coconut and olive oils are traditionally used to moisturize and treat skin infections. Extensive research done by scientists such as Jon J Kabara, PhD, has shown that the Lauric acid found in Coconut Oil is a potent antim icrobial agent  . Lauric acid is a major component (49%) of Coconut oil. It has also been found to kill the H. Pylori bacteria  in the stomach which are responsible for many stomach problems such as ulcers. The good thing about Lauric acid is that it doesn't kill friendly bacteria in the stomach. Antibiotics kill both good and bad bacteria in the stomach and often need to be followed with probiotics such as acidophilus bacteria to replenish friendly bacteria in the gut. Objectives General Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil have anti-bacterial contents which can help remove the infection on the wounds. This study aimed to produce an ointment which can kill the bacteria and cure different types of wounds out of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil. Specific This research study was conducted to determine if mango leaves extract and coconut oil can be made into an ointment and if it can help wound heal faster. Statement of the Problem Specifically, this study ought to answer the following questions: 1. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil kill the bacteria in the wounds? 2. Can the Mangifera indica leaves extract and coconut oil be made into an ointment? 3. Can the ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil extract help the wound to heal faster? Hypothesis 1. The ointment made from Mangifera indica leaves extracts and coconut oil can kill bacteria in the wounds. 2. The extract of Mangifera indica leaves and coconut oil can be made into an ointment for curing wounds. Significance of the Study This study greatly benefits the people in the community who cannot afford to buy expensive ointment for wounds. It can also benefit the hospitals and in small clinics. The additional medication in curing wounds can help a lot to save a life. It has significance to those who were far from the store or drug store because they can cure our wounds without taking too long from buying ointments from far drugstores. It can be also a source of income for the people in provinces. Scope and Limitation This study was limited only on the production of ointments from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil. The ointment produced from mango leaves extracts and coconut oil focuses on killing the bacteria in the wounds. It was limited to use if there is irritation on the skin after the application of the ointment. For the patients who have sensitive skin should ask permission from a doctor before using the ointment. Chapter II Review of Related Literature Review of Related Literature Antibacterial Pertaining to a substance that kills bacteria or inhibits their growth or replication. Antibiotics synthesized chemically or derived from various microorganisms exert their bactericidal or bacteriostatic effect by interfering with the production of the bacterial plasma wall; by interfering with protein synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, or plasma membrane integrity; or by inhibiting critical biosynthetic pathways in the bacteria. (2009, Elsevier. ) E. coli E. coli  is a common type of  bacteria  that can get into food, like beef and vegetables. E. oli  is short for the medical termEscherichia coli. E. coli  normally lives inside your intestines, where it helps your body break down and digest the food you eat. Unfortunately, certain types (called strains) ofE. coli  can get from the intestines into the blood. This is a rare illness, but it can cause a very serious infection. (Steven Dowshen, MD, August 2009) S. aureus Staphylococci (staph) are Gram-positive s pherical bacteria that occur in microscopic clusters resembling grapes. Bacteriological culture of the nose and skin of normal humans invariably yields staphylococci. In 1884, Rosenbach described the two pigmented colony types of staphylococci and proposed the appropriate nomenclature:  Staphylococcus aureus  (yellow) and  Staphylococcus albus  (white). The latter species is now named  Staphylococcus epidermidis. Although more than 20 species of  Staphylococcus  are described in Bergey's Manual (2001), only  Staphylococcus aureus  and  Staphylococcus epidermidis  are significant in their interactions with humans. S. aureus  colonizes mainly the nasal passages, but it may be found regularly in most other anatomical locales, including the skin, oral cavity and gastrointestinal tract. S. ureus  is often hemolytic on blood agar;  S. epidermidis  is non hemolytic. The bacteria are catalase-positive and oxidase-negative. S. aureus  can grow at a temperature range of 15 to 45 degrees and at NaCl concentrations as high as 15 percent. Nearly all strains of  S. aureus  produce the enzyme coagulase: nearly all strains of  S. epidermidis  lack this enzyme. S. aureus  should always be considered a potential pathogen; most strains of  S. epidermidis  are nonpathogenic and may even play a protective role in humans as normal flora. Staphylococcus epidermidis  may be a pathogen in the hospital environment. Pathogenesis of  S. aureus  infections Staphylococcus aureus  causes a variety of suppurative (pus-forming) infections and toxinoses in humans. It causes superficial skin lesions such as  boils,  styesand  furuncules; more serious infections such as  pneumonia,   mastitis, phlebitis,  meningitis, and  urinary tract infections; and deep-seated infections, such as  osteomyelitis  and  endocarditis. S. aureus  is a major cause of  hospital acquired (nosocomial) infection  of surgical wounds and infections associated with indwelling medical devices. S. aureus  causes  food poisoning  by releasing enterotoxins into food, and  toxic shock syndrome  by release of superantigens into the blood stream. S. ureus  expresses many potential  virulence factors: (1)  surface proteins that promote colonization of host tissues; (2) invasins that promote bacterial spread in tissues (leukocidin,  kinases,  hyaluronidase); (3) surface factors that inhibit phagocytic engulfment (capsule,  Prote in A); (4) biochemical properties that enhance their survival in phagocytes (carotenoids,  catalase production); (5) immunological disguises (Protein A,  coagulase); (6) membrane-damaging toxins that lyse eucaryotic cell membranes (hemolysins, leukotoxin, leukocidin; (7) exotoxins that damage host tissues or otherwise provoke symptoms of disease (SEA-G,  TSST,  ET); and (8) inherent and acquired resistance to antimicrobial agents. Membrane-damaging toxins alpha toxin (alpha-hemolysin)  The best characterized and most potent membrane-damaging toxin of  S. aureus  is alpha toxin. It is expressed as a monomer that binds to the membrane of susceptible cells. Subunits then oligomerize to form heptameric rings with a central pore through which cellular contents leak. In humans, platelets and monocytes are particularly sensitive to alpha toxin. Susceptible cells have a specific receptor for alpha toxin which allows the toxin to bind causing small pores through which monovalent cations can pass. The mode of action of alpha hemolysin is likely by osmotic lysis. ?-toxin  is a sphingomyelinase which damages membranes rich in this lipid. The classical test for ? -toxin is lysis of sheep erythrocytes. The majority of human isolates of  S. aureus  do not express ? -toxin. A lysogenic bacteriophage is known to encode the toxin. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD  ) delta toxin  is a very small peptide toxin produced by most strains of  S. aureus. It is also produced by  S. epidermidis. The role of delta toxin in disease is unknown. Leukocidin  is a multicomponent protein toxin produced as separate components which act together to damage membranes. Leukocidin forms a hetero-oligomeric transmembrane pore composed of four LukF and four LukS subunits, thereby forming an octameric pore in the affected membrane. Leukocidin is hemolytic, but less so than alpha hemolysin. Only 2% of all of  S. aureus  isolates express leukocidin, but nearly 90% of the strains isolated from severe dermonecrotic lesions express this toxin, which suggests that it is an important factor in necrotizing skin infections. (2008 Kenneth Todar, PhD  ) Wound Healing Wound healing is a complex process with many potential factors that can delay healing. There is increasing interest in the effects of bacteria on the processes of wound healing. All chronic wounds are colonized by bacteria, with low levels of bacteria being beneficial to the wound healing process. Wound infection is detrimental to wound healing, but the diagnosis and management of wound infection is controversial, and varies between clinicians. There is increasing recognition of the concept of critical colonization or local infection, when wound healing may be delayed in the absence of the typical clinical features of infection. The progression from ound colonization to infection depends not only on the bacterial count or the species present, but also on the host immune response, the number of different species present, the virulence of the organisms and synergistic interactions between the different species. There is increasing evidence that bacteria within chronic wounds live withi n biofilm communities, in which the bacteria are protected from host defences and develop resistance to antibiotic treatment. (Edwards R,  Harding KG Apr. 17, 2004) Bacteria and Wounds Bacteria are ubiquitous in the geography of the human body. In the skin, the average human being harbors at least 200 species of bacteria, totaling more than 1012 organisms. Therefore, when the skin is broken by trauma or disease, bacteria are also ubiquitous in wounds. When discussing the presence of bacteria in an open wound of a human host, three conditions are noted with respect to their presence on or in the tissue, their impact on the healing of the wound, and the associated immune response from the host. The first condition is bacterial contamination or the simple existence of bacteria on the surface of the wound. Contamination is specifically defined as the presence of non-proliferating organisms on the superficial tissues. Contaminating bacteria do not elicit an immune response from the hos t and do not impact the healing process. The second condition, bacterial colonization, is differentiated from contamination in that it refers to proliferating organisms on the wound surface – bacteria that have adhered to the superficial tissues and have begun to form colonies. Colonization is also characterized by a lack of immune response from the host and generally is not believed to impact or interfere with the healing process. 2 Wounds that contain nonviable tissue (ie, slough and/or eschar) offer a particularly hospitable environment for colonization because the dead tissues provide a ready source of nutrients for the growing bacterial colonies. In the third condition, bacterial infection, proliferating bacteria are not only present on the surface of the wound or in nonviable tissue, but have also invaded healthy, viable tissue to such a depth and extent that they elicit an immune response from the host. Local clinical signs of tissue redness, pain, heat, and swelling generally characterize this immune response, along with an increase in exudate production or purulence. Bacterial infection delays and may even halt the healing process. The mechanism of this healing delay involves competition between host cells and bacterial cells for oxygen and nutrients and increased host cell production of inflammatory cytokines and proteases in response to the bacteria and their associated toxins. (Liza Ovington, PhD, CWS, n. d) Related studies In the research update of mango and mango leaf extract, effects of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L, and its active compound, mangiferin, on energy state and lipid peroxidation of red blood cells. Following oxidative stress, modifications of several biologically important macromolecules have been demonstrated. In this study they investigated the effect of a natural extract from Mangifera indica L (Vimang), its main ingredient mangiferin and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on energy metabolism, energy state and malondialdehyde (MDA) production in a red blood cell system. Analysis of MDA, high energy phosphates and ascorbate was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Under the experimental conditions, concentrations of MDA and ATP catabolites were affected in a dose-dependent way by H(2)O(2). Incubation with Vimang (0. , 1, 10, 50 and 100 mug/mL), mangiferin (1, 10, 100 mug/mL) and EGCG (0. 01, 0. 1, 1, 10 muM) significantly enhances erythrocyte resistance to H(2)O(2)-induced reactive oxygen species production. In particular, they demonstrate the protective activity of these compounds on ATP, GTP and total nucleotides (NT) depletion after H(2)O(2)-induced damage and a reduction of NAD and ADP, which both increase because of the energy consumption following H(2)O(2) addition. Energy charge potential, decreased in H(2)O(2)-treated erythrocytes, was also restored in a dose-dependent way by these substances. Their protective effects might be related to the strong free radical scavenging ability described for polyphenols. Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Mangifera indica L. extract consists of a defined mixture of components (polyphenols, terpenoids, steroids, fatty acids and microelements). It contains a variety of polyphenols, phenolic esters, flavan-3-ols and a xanthone (mangiferin), as main component. This extract has antioxidant action, antitumor and immunemodulatory effects proved in experimental models in both in vitro and in vivo assays. The present study was performed to investigate the genotoxicity potential activity of Vimang assessed through different tests: Ames, Comet and micronucleus assays. Positive and negative contr ols were included in each experimental series. Histidine requiring mutants of Salmonella typhimurium TA1535, TA1537, TA1538, TA98, TA100 and TA102 strains for point-mutation tests and in vitro micronucleus assay in primary human lymphocytes with and without metabolic activation were performed. Results of Comet assay show that the extract did not induce single strand breaks or alkali-labile sites on blood peripheral lymphocytes of treated animals compared with controls. On the other hand, the results of the micronucleus studies (in vitro and in vivo) show Vimang induces cytotoxic activity, determined as cell viability or PCE/NCE ratio, but neither increased the frequency of micronucleated binucleate cells in culture of human lymphocytes nor in mice bone marrow cells under their experimental conditions. The positive control chemicals included in each experiment induced the expected changes. The present results indicate that M. indica L. extract show evidences of light cytotoxic activity but did not induce a mutagenic or genotoxic effects in the battery of assays used. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-allergic properties of Mangifera indica L. extract (Vimang) and contribution of its glucosylxanthone mangiferin. : Vimang is the brand name of formulations containing an extract of Mangifera indica L. , ethnopharmacologically used in Cuba for the treatment of some immunopathological disorders, including bronchial asthma, atopic dermatitis and other allergic diseases. However, the effects of Vimang on allergic response have not been reported until now. In this study, the effects of Vimang and mangiferin, a C-glucosylxanthone isolated from the extract, on different parameters of allergic response are reported. Vimang and mangiferin show a significant dose-dependent inhibition of IgE production in mice and anaphylaxis reaction in rats, histamine-induced vascular permeability and the histamine release induced by compound 48/80 from rat mast cells, and of lymphocyte proliferative response as evidence of the reduction of the amount of B and T lymphocytes able to contribute to allergic response. In these experiments, ketotifen, promethazine and isodium cromoglicate were used as reference drugs. Furthermore, they demonstrated that Vimang had an effect on an in-vivo model of inflammatory allergy mediated by mast cells. These results constitute the first report of the anti-allergic properties of Vimang on allergic models, as well as suggesting that this na tural extract could be successfully used in the treatment of allergic disorders. Mangiferin, the major compound of Vimang, contributes to the anti-allergic effects of the extract. (Mango and Mango Leaf Extract, n. d. ) Anti-inflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects of Mangifera indica Linn. (Anacardiaceae) stem-bark aqueous extract.   Previous studies in their laboratories and elsewhere have shown that some members of Anacardiaceae family possess antiinflammatory, analgesic and hypoglycemic effects in man and mammalian experimental animals. The present study was, therefore, undertaken to examine the antiinflammatory, analgesic and antidiabetic properties of the stem-bark aqueous extract of Mangifera indica Linn. , M. indica a member of the Anacardiaceae family, in rats and mice. The stem-bark powder of M. indica was Soxhlet extracted with distilled water and used. M. indica stem-bark aqueous extract (MIE, 50-800 mg/kg i. p. ) produced dose-dependent and significant (p

A close reading of Beowulf Essay

The epic poem Beowulf contains contradictions about the heroic character of the protagonist Beowulf. Two certain passages in Beowulf, one at the beginning of the text and one near the end, offer evidence of inconsistencies within Beowulf’s character. We must ask one question of the poem’s protagonist: Is he really the hero he claims to be? Certain aspects of Beowulf’s integrity, mainly his lies about people’s perceptions of him, contradict the conventional classification of a hero. The legend of Beowulf begins with King Hrothgar, who is in a dilemma because Grendel, an evil monster, has been unremittingly attacking Heorot for twelve years. Beowulf, a warrior and thane of the Geat King Hygelac, hears of this and decides that he must go to Heorot to help Hrothgar, for he is the only one who can accomplish this great feat: ;He announced his plan: to sail the swan’s road and seek out that king, that famous prince who needed defenders. Nobody tried to keep him from going, No elder denied him, dear as he was to them. Instead they inspected omens and spurred His ambition to go [†¦] (200-209). This passage is one of the first introductions to Beowulf as a character. The sentence â€Å"†¦prince who need defenders† portrays Beowulf as a noble warrior, well respected at home. He would â€Å"seek out that king,† the king who needed Beowulf the great warrior. Here, the poet’s word choice implies that Beowulf is fearless. Beowulf knows that he is the only one who can help Hrothgar, the â€Å"famous prince who needed defenders.† But Hrothgar had other warriors who helped to defend Heorot from Grendel, â€Å"†¦powerful counselors, the  highest in the land, would lend advice, plotting how best the bold defenders might resist and beat off sudden attacks† (171-74). Here, it is evident that Beowulf has told a lie. It is not true that Hrothgar needed defenders. Although Hrothgar had defenders that may have been unsuccessful in the slaying of the monster, that does not imply that he needed defenders, or more specifically, Beowulf himself. A different version of how the elders viewed Beowulf becomes apparent after his victorious defeats of both Grendel and his mother. Beowulf returns home to be greeted with this speech from Hygelac: â€Å"How did you fare on your foreign voyage, dear Beowulf, when you abruptly decided to sail away across the salt water and fight at Heorot? Did you help Hrothgar much in the end? [†¦] (1987-1991). Apparently, Hygelac did not fully support Beowulf’s ambitions to rescue Heorot. It is obvious Hygelac views Beowulf’s undertaking as childish and quite impulsive, which is made clear by his using of the word â€Å"abruptly.† When Hygelac says â€Å"did you help Hrothgar much in the end?† he doubts Beowulf’s ability to defeat Grendel. It is obvious that he did not think he would see Beowulf alive again. This feeling is reinforced a few lines later when Hygelac says, â€Å"I dreaded the outcome of your expedition [†¦]† (1993-94). The sudden apprehensiveness on Hygelac’s part creates a sharp contrast to the first introduction to Beowulf, where he is seemingly the Geat’s top warrior, who could not be defeated; â€Å"he was the mightiest man on earth† (197). This poses the question; are we to believe anything Beowulf has said so far in relation to his heroic accomplishments? Does this contradiction make him a liar? If he is a liar, does it diminish the feats he has achieved, such as the slaying of Grendel and Grendel’s mother? Another one of Beowulf’s contradictory lies can be found within these passages. The first passage states that â€Å"†¦ no elder denied him,† while in the second passage the poet’s words, such as when Hygelac asks Beowulf if he â€Å"helped Hrothgar much in the end,† imply that the Geats were less than thrilled about Beowulf’s decision to go to Heorot. It is obvious that Hygelac’s words are contemptuous and that he is not asking Beowulf what happened at Heorot because he truly wants to know if Heorot is saved. Hygelac is asking Beowulf in a mocking manner because the elders did indeed deny Beowulf in his endeavor to help Heorot. Evidence of the true sentiments toward Beowulf from his kin can be seen when the poet writes â€Å"he had been poorly regarded for a long time, was taken by the Geats for less than he was worth: and their lord too had never much esteemed him in the mead-hall†(2183-2186). This sentence explains that Beowulf was not held in such high esteem as he would have liked. His decision to go to Heorot is an attempt to assert his worth to his family and people because they â€Å"firmly believed he lacked force, that the prince was a weakling [†¦]†(2187-88). Beowulf, who holds Hygelac in high regard, wants to defeat Grendel to make Hygelac proud. If Beowulf is a weakling, how is it that he was the only one able to fight and defeat the indestructible Grendel? Beowulf somehow knows that it is his destiny to defeat Grendel, which may be the true reason for â€Å"abruptly† deciding to travel to Heorot. For twelve years, no one in Heorot could stop Grendel. They tried time and again to kill him by using any kind of weaponry they could forge. How is it that a newly arrived foreigner defeat Grendel without any armor or weapons? It must be because God had helped the â€Å"hero.† This is apparent in Beowulf’s many references to God: â€Å"Whichever one death fells must deem it a just judgment by God† (440-41) and â€Å"the Geat placed complete trust in his strength of limb in the Lord’s favor† (669-670). The Oxford English dictionary defines a hero as â€Å"a man distinguished by extraordinary valour and martial achievements; one who does brave or noble deeds; an illustrious warrior.† Valor, braveness and nobility are not  characteristics usually found in people who are liars. Noble warriors do not have to lie to assert their worth, their actions speak for themselves. Brave warriors do not lie because they are courageous and do not fear anything, especially the truth. Because one cannot be brave and noble while also being a liar, and because being brave and noble are characteristics of being a hero, it is clear that Beowulf cannot be called a hero.

Nursing Practice That Necessitates a Change - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 767 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Introduction Nursing Practice Identification Nursing acts as the most important aspect in our society. It helps in maintaining and improving healthcare. Nursing remains to be one of the most trusted healthcare profession. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nursing Practice That Necessitates a Change" essay for you Create order A nurse is one of healthcare professional who engages in the practices associated with nursing. Nurses are responsible for maintaining healthcare, safety as well as facilitating effective recovery of patients. Moreover, nurses engages in nursing research which is a path that facilitates provision of evidence based care. Simply, all registered nurses plays a unique role on a healthcare team as they undertake on ongoing assessment of health status of patients as well as response to plan of care associated with patients. Their main focus lies on assisting patients to meet their needs which encapsulates emotional, physical, cognitive as well as social needs. Thus, the role played by nursing professional cannot be underestimated. However, there various areas in nursing practice that needs to be changed. One of the most important nursing practice that need to be changed is hand washing. Description of the Current Practice Preventing the spread of germs is one of the most important aspect in which all nurses should partake in order to promote health care. Hand washing is one way which help in preventing the spread of infections. It has been apparent that health care providers have been at risk of getting infection while performing their daily activities of treating patients.   Failure of washing hands has become an issue that has affected improvement of standards as well as practice for hospitals care. Adherence with recommendations for hand washing which promotes hygiene and prevents spread of infections remains low. For instance, hand washing can help in lowering the cases of diarrhea (Ejemot?Nwadiaro et al, 2015). Hand hygiene is one of the renowned priory measure which lessens the spread of nosocomial pathogens. However, non-compliance with hand washing remains to be one of the challenge faced in various hospitals. As result, washing hand is one of the nursing practice that needs to be changed. T here is an ultimatum need to improve the standards as well as practices in health care settings by changing hand washing nursing practice. Reasons why Nursing Practice need to be changed The importance of maintaining hand hygiene by hand washing has been insufficiently recognized by nurses and other health care professionals. They fail to acknowledge the fact that clean hands count for safe healthcare as clean hands protects them from spreading serious infections to their patients while in hospital. Evidence from credible studies indicate that on average, nurses and other related healthcare professionals do not regularly wash their hands as they are supposed to do (Gould et al, 2017). This has contributed to the spread of infections that have affected many hospitals. Also, if the nursing practice is changed, it will facilitate an efficacy in eliminating bacteria and infections spreads by use of hands (Bhatia Dehankar, 2017). A patient in a hospital is at risk of acquiring infections apart from the one he is being treated for. Further, nurses and other healthcare providers are also at risk of acquiring infections from the same patients they are treating. Hence, there is a satiable reason of changing the highlighted nursing practice. Key Stakeholders and their Roles Stakeholders in health care plays a vital role towards establishing an environment that promotes establishment of effective patient care. Every key stakeholder plays a crucial role in maintaining the required standards within hospitals. Some of the key stakeholders include the healthcare providers in hospitals, patients as well as the public health officers operating at the community level. The public health officer plays a crucial role towards establishing a way of educating people the importance of hand washing. The education comprises of highlighting how hands are used to carry infections. In relation to health care providers which include nurses and other medical officers, they are responsible of ensuring that recommended standards are maintained which include proper hand hygiene which entails proper hand washing. Patients also plays a vital in establishing an environment which promotes their effective recovery. Washing their hands regularly acts as a mean that prevents spread of infections. Scientists are also key stakeholders. Although they don’t belong to the health care setting, they play a critical role who should never be underestimated. They have a responsibilities of coming up with mechanisms of ensuring infections are not spreads through hands. This means that they come up with means of maintaining high levels of hand hygiene. If the key stakeholders highlighted plays their role accordingly, then they will be able to support the recommended change of hand washing.